2. Physical Description of Electromigration

Subsections

• 2.1 The History of Electromigration
  • 2.1.1 1960s: Black's Equation
  • 2.1.2 1970s: Blech Effect
  • 2.1.3 1980s: Modification of Black's Equation
  • 2.1.4 From 1990s to Modern Times
• 2.2 Electromigration Driving Force
• 2.3 Electromigration Induced Vacancy Transport
• 2.4 Effect of Diffusion Paths
• 2.5 Stress Build-up due to Electromigration
  • 2.5.1 Kirchheim Back Stress
  • 2.5.2 Korhonen's Model
  • 2.5.3 Mechanical Constitutive Equations
• 2.6 Void Initiation Condition
• 2.7 Void Evolution